14-17SEP (days 10 and 11)

Here are the notes that can serve as a study guide for chapters 1 and 2: EVENT/IDEA NOTES Land Bridge: Native Americans migrated across the Berginia Land Bridge from Asia to North America around 12,000 BC Agriculture: Key development that led to the rise of civilizations Religious Practices & Art: Spread from tribe to tribe through trade Technology: Early Native American tribes used technology to adapt to their environment. Ex. Hohokam using irrigation system to plant and grow food Cultural beliefs: Native Am. believed all animals, plants, & natural forces were living things, certain places were sacred and environment affected their religion Columbus: 2 mistakes: 1) Calculated diameter of earth smaller (67%), 2) Calculated Asia as larger (thereby closer) Spain: 3 reasons for not supporting Columbus at first: 1) Costly war with Muslims, 2) Did not believe Columbus’ calculations, and he was asking for a lot of money Slavery: Holding a person against their will for labor. Began with the earliest civilizations (Greece, Rome) Middle Passage: Second leg of triangular trade. Europe to African to New World Racism: Belief that some people are inferior to others because of their skin color Renaissance: A time of increased interest in art and learning- circa 1600. The spread of Renaissance ideas was dramatically increased with the invention of the printing press. (This is an example of a turning point – NHD). One major effect of the Renaissance is it weakened the Catholic church. Reformation: A movement to correct problems in the Church. One major change was the church split into two groups – Catholics and Protestants. 3 goals of European countries during age of exploration: 1) Expansion of their empire, 2) Increase their wealth and improve their balance of trade, 3) Spread Christianity beyond Europe 3 goals of Spanish missions: 1) teach Native Americans how to read and write, 2) Convert them to Christianity and increase Spanish control, 3) Treat them as equals and give them land to farm Exploration: 1) 3 reasons for exploration 2) Missionaries: 3) Mercantilism: Establishing Colonies a) 4 reasons for Spanish victories against Native Americans: b) First goal of European nations– find a westward route ________. Goal modified when they found the Western Hemisphere (Americas) to __________ new lands. b) Spain and Portugal took a ___________ route to find Asia. France and British tried to find a __________ route to find path to Asia c) Defeat of Spanish Armada. Why? What happen on returning to Spain? d) Two effects of Defeat: European Competition a) Life in colonies organized. b) Encomienda: c) Haciendas: d) Missions goal: e) Two reasons why abuses of Native Americans ended: Columbian Exchange: Define: A) Bad effect: b) Good effect: c) Items brought to new world: d) Items brought to old world: Origins of Slavery: Define Slavery: a) Established: b) Slave trade expanded because Native Americans: c) 4 reasons Africans were enslaved: d) African Diaspora: e) Middle passage: f) Slave codes: Define: Prevented? g) Racism: Define Why did Europeans view Africans as inferior?