18-21 SEP (days 12 & 13

Review Columbus Debate scores and what we learned Hand out test review Complete Cornell notes on chapters 1 and 2 Complete DBQs for chapter 1 Chapter two class assignment: Complete the following: 2.1 There were four significant events between 1492 – 1542 that explain how Spain built its empire. Complete a time line that starts with 1492 and ends in 1542. The four events are between these dates. Which of the four events was the most significant and why. 2.2 Complete the following chart: Name of country Specific Region of Exploration and significant event(s) England 2 events France 2 events Netherlands 1 event Spain 3 events 2.3 Complete the following chart: Textbook Heading Effects for Native Americans Life in Spanish America Two effects The Role of the Church Two effects 2.4 Complete a Y chart to compare experiences of Native Americans and Africans under slavery. Making inferences. After reading chapter 2 and completing the above, what country do you believe will have the most success in the New World in terms of building an empire and why?

Grade Portal Updated as of 14SEP

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14-17SEP (days 10 and 11)

Here are the notes that can serve as a study guide for chapters 1 and 2: EVENT/IDEA NOTES Land Bridge: Native Americans migrated across the Berginia Land Bridge from Asia to North America around 12,000 BC Agriculture: Key development that led to the rise of civilizations Religious Practices & Art: Spread from tribe to tribe through trade Technology: Early Native American tribes used technology to adapt to their environment. Ex. Hohokam using irrigation system to plant and grow food Cultural beliefs: Native Am. believed all animals, plants, & natural forces were living things, certain places were sacred and environment affected their religion Columbus: 2 mistakes: 1) Calculated diameter of earth smaller (67%), 2) Calculated Asia as larger (thereby closer) Spain: 3 reasons for not supporting Columbus at first: 1) Costly war with Muslims, 2) Did not believe Columbus’ calculations, and he was asking for a lot of money Slavery: Holding a person against their will for labor. Began with the earliest civilizations (Greece, Rome) Middle Passage: Second leg of triangular trade. Europe to African to New World Racism: Belief that some people are inferior to others because of their skin color Renaissance: A time of increased interest in art and learning- circa 1600. The spread of Renaissance ideas was dramatically increased with the invention of the printing press. (This is an example of a turning point – NHD). One major effect of the Renaissance is it weakened the Catholic church. Reformation: A movement to correct problems in the Church. One major change was the church split into two groups – Catholics and Protestants. 3 goals of European countries during age of exploration: 1) Expansion of their empire, 2) Increase their wealth and improve their balance of trade, 3) Spread Christianity beyond Europe 3 goals of Spanish missions: 1) teach Native Americans how to read and write, 2) Convert them to Christianity and increase Spanish control, 3) Treat them as equals and give them land to farm Exploration: 1) 3 reasons for exploration 2) Missionaries: 3) Mercantilism: Establishing Colonies a) 4 reasons for Spanish victories against Native Americans: b) First goal of European nations– find a westward route ________. Goal modified when they found the Western Hemisphere (Americas) to __________ new lands. b) Spain and Portugal took a ___________ route to find Asia. France and British tried to find a __________ route to find path to Asia c) Defeat of Spanish Armada. Why? What happen on returning to Spain? d) Two effects of Defeat: European Competition a) Life in colonies organized. b) Encomienda: c) Haciendas: d) Missions goal: e) Two reasons why abuses of Native Americans ended: Columbian Exchange: Define: A) Bad effect: b) Good effect: c) Items brought to new world: d) Items brought to old world: Origins of Slavery: Define Slavery: a) Established: b) Slave trade expanded because Native Americans: c) 4 reasons Africans were enslaved: d) African Diaspora: e) Middle passage: f) Slave codes: Define: Prevented? g) Racism: Define Why did Europeans view Africans as inferior?

10-13 SEP (days 8 and 9)

COLUMBUS DEBATE - HERO OR VILLIAN? Class debate 10/11SEP- research and write your part. 12/13SEP - actual debate. Below plus text book is what was used for the debate. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - BIOGRAPHY Explorer, navigator, Columbus was born in 1451, in the Republic of Genoa (Italy) to the son of a weaver. Columbus first went to sea as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One such voyage, to the island of Khios, in modern day Greece, brought him the closest he would come to Asia. Believing a route sailing west across the Atlantic would be quicker and safer, Columbus devised a plan to sail west to get reach the East. He estimated the earth to be a sphere approximately 63% its actual size and the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan to be about 2,300 miles. Many contemporary nautical experts disagreed, adhering to the second century BC estimate of the earth's circumference at 25,000 miles. This made the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan about 12,200 statute miles. While experts disagreed with Columbus on matters of distance, they concurred that a westward voyage from Europe would be an uninterrupted water route. Columbus continued to lobby the royal court and soon after the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January of 1492, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition. In August of 1492, Columbus left Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña along side. After thirty-six days of sailing, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in the present day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain. There he encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors exchanging glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears. The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment. Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and meeting with the leaders of the native population. During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. With the help of some islanders, Columbus' men salvaged what they could and built the settlement Villa de la Navidad ("Christmas Town") with lumber from the ship. Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement. Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain in 1493, Columbus gave a glowing, somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court. That same year he took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred. Spurning the wishes of the queen, who found slavery offensive, Columbus established a forced labor policy over the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would prove to be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population. Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Diego to govern Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China. It wasn't until his third voyage that Columbus actually reached the mainland exploring the Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela. Unfortunately, conditions at the Hispaniola settlement had deteriorated to the point of near-mutiny with settlers claiming they had been misled by Columbus' claims of riches and complaining about the poor management of his brothers. The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages. Convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on what would be his last voyage in 1502, traveling along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean. A storm wrecked one of his ships stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. During this time, local islanders, tired of the Spaniards poor treatment and obsession with gold, refused to give them food. In a spark of inspiration, Columbus consulted an almanac and devised a plan to "punish" the islanders by taking away the moon. On February 29, 1504, a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives enough to re-established trade with the Spaniards. A rescue party finally arrived, sent by the royal governor of Hispaniola in July and Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain in November of 1504. In the two remaining years of his life, Columbus struggled to recover his lost titles and in May of 1505 did regain some of his riches, but his titles were never returned. He died May 20, 1506 still believing he had discovered a shorter route to Asia. Columbus' legacy is a mixed one. He has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization as well as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored. On the one hand, he failed to find that what he set out for - a new route to Asia and the riches it promised. However, in what is known as the Columbian Exchange, his expeditions set in motion the wide-spread transfer of people, plants, animals, diseases, and cultures that greatly affected nearly every society. The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle. Foods from the Americas such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn became staples of Europeans and helped increase their populations. Wheat from Europe and the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Latin American countries. The Exchange also brought new diseases to both hemispheres, thought the effects were greatest in the Americas. Small pox from the Old World decimated millions of the Native American population to mere fractions of their original numbers. This more than any other factor made for European domination of the Americas. The overwhelming benefits of the Exchange went to the Europeans initially and eventually to the rest of the world. The Americas were forever altered and the once vibrant and rich cultures of the Native American civilizations were not only changed, but lost, denying the world any complete understanding of their existence. The first and most important thing to understand is that the Native American population on Hispaniola (and later, Cuba) was destroyed over the course of a century or less, and that the Spanish were primarily responsible for this. Certainly Columbus was not a perfect person by any means, and was a man of many flaws. But neither was he a genocidal mass murderer. The destruction of these peoples is a historical tragedy, but this complex episode deserves more study than simply assigning blame. Columbus initially had friendly relations with the Native Americans he encountered in the West Indies on the first voyage. Beginning with the second voyage, these relations began to sour, with some tribes more than others. The Spanish had come to America as conquerors. In 1492, they had just successfully finished a centuries-long war to evict the Moors from Spain, and the idea of spreading Christianity (in general) and Spanish control (in particular) was central to Spanish culture. The idea that one could arrive at a new country with no strong central government, and not claim such lands for the sovereigns one had sworn to support and defend, was simply unthinkable. It would be like expecting a 21st-century American to renounce democracy or free enterprise. Although Columbus was born in Genoa, by 1492 he had been in Spain for about seven years, and was in effect a Spanish citizen. Further, Columbus was devoutly Christian, perhaps even more so than most Spaniards of his day. Therefore it is completely unsurprising that war soon broke out between the Spanish settlers on Hispaniola and some of the Native American tribes there; in fact, it is probably more surprising that war did not break out with all the tribes on the island, and that some of them accepted Spanish rule (and Christianity) without a fight. This warfare began in 1494, and continued sporadically for another decade. Some people have tried to blame Columbus personally for this warfare. To me, this is a bit like personally blaming Abraham Lincoln for the Civil War. The causes of war are often large social forces, usually beyond the control of any individual. I believe that is true in this case. And it is also true that Columbus personally killed some Native Americans during this war (although thousands, and perhaps even hundreds, would be a gross exaggeration). But most people in most societies (including Native American societies) view killing in wartime as acceptable; few would claim that it is morally equivalent to murder, much less genocide. The second important charge generally made against Columbus was his alleged role in the slave trade. Again, this has been overstated by many. In Spain of this period, slavery was legal under certain circumstances: the person had to be a prisoner of war awaiting ransom. In effect, such a person had a monetary value equal to his expected ransom, and therefore it made sense (to a 15th century Spaniard, anyway) that such an "asset" could be bought or sold. (This system of ransoming prisoners of war was actually a huge improvement over the previous ethic of "take no prisoners".) Therefore, when the Spanish took a number of Native Americans as prisoners on Hispaniola, Columbus saw an opportunity for profit. In 1496, he sent 300 of these prisoners to Spain, to be sold as slaves. The Spanish Sovereigns (King Fernando and Queen Isabel) very properly objected to this, since there was obviously no chance that such prisoners could ever be ransomed. They promptly sent these prisoners back to Hispaniola, and Columbus made no further ventures in the slave trade. An undercurrent to this debate is the issue of the general decline of the Native American population on Hispaniola (and later, in other parts of the New World) after the arrival of the Spanish. Warfare was a part of this, and disease also played a role; although disease can hardly be seen as a moral stain on its carriers. Although the scale of the depopulation has probably been exaggerated by some scholars, perhaps the most important reason for this population decline was the encomienda system that the Spanish established in the New World. This system established serfdom for the Native Americans, with the Spanish acting as the "nobility", entitled to the fruits of their labor. Under this system, many Native Americans were simply worked to death. However, Columbus himself had no role in the establishment of this system; in fact, he viewed all Spanish territory in the New World as his personal demesne, and was bitterly disappointed when the Spanish Sovereigns relieved him of his role as governor of Hispaniola in 1500. The Sovereigns had acted primarily in response to complaints from the Spanish colonists on Hispaniola who felt that Columbus was controlling every aspect of the local economy personally. It was Columbus's successor, Francisco de Bobadilla, who established the encomiendas. It should be noted that this system was not hugely different from the feudal system then in place in Spain and much of the rest of Europe; but the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans was far harsher than a Spanish peasant would tolerate, primarily because most Spanish colonists on Hispaniola were, in our modern context, unbridled racists. But the Native Americans did have their defenders among the Spanish, too. The establishment of the encomienda system and subsequent decline of the Native American population did not escape the notice of the Spanish clergy, who by 1511 began preaching against the harsh conditions under which the Native Americans were forced to work. Although a number of Spanish clerics advocated for humane treatment of the Indians, by far the most eloquent and prolific spokesman for the rights of Native Americans during the 16th century was Bartolome de las Casas (1474? - 1566). His masterwork, the Historia de las Indias, still has never been completely translated into English; and his better-known indictment of Spanish treatment of the Native Americans (known as the Apologetica Historia) remains a primary source for most of what we know of this period. It is worth mentioning in this context that Las Casas was a lifelong friend of the Columbus family. Thanks to the work of Las Casas and others, the encomienda system was officially abolished by the "New Laws" of 1542, but sadly, these laws were never actually enforced. Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? Since his death in 1506, Columbus’ life story has undergone many revisions. He is vilified by indigenous rights groups, yet was once seriously considered for sainthood. Columbus was neither a monster nor a saint. He had some admirable qualities and some very negative ones. He was not a bad or evil man, simply a skilled sailor and navigator who was also an opportunist and a product of his time. On the positive side, Columbus was a very talented sailor, navigator and ship captain. He bravely went west without a map, trusting his instincts and calculations. He was very loyal to his patrons, the King and Queen of Spain, and they rewarded him by sending him to the New World a total of four times. He took slaves from those tribes that fought him and his men: he seems to have dealt relatively fairly with those tribes that he befriended, such as that of Chief Guacanagari. But there are many stains on his legacy as well. Ironically, the Columbus-bashers blame him for some things that were not under his control and ignore some of his most glaring actual defects. He and his crew brought awful diseases, such as smallpox, to which the men and women of the New World had no defenses, and millions died. This is undeniable, but it was also unintentional and would have happened eventually anyway. His discovery opened the doors to the conquistadors who looted the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires and slaughtered natives by the thousands, but this, too, would likely have happened when someone else inevitably discovered the New World. If one must hate Columbus, it is far more reasonable to do so for other reasons. He was a slave trader who heartlessly took men and women away from their families in order to lessen his failure to find a new trade route. His contemporaries despised him. As governor of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola, he was a despot who kept all profits for himself and his brothers, and was loathed by the colonists whose lives he controlled. Attempts were made on his life and he was actually sent back to Spain in chains at one point after his third voyage. During his fourth voyage, he and his men were stranded on Jamaica for a year when his ships rotted: no one wanted to travel there from Hispaniola to save him. He was also a cheapskate: after promising a reward to whomever spotted land first on his 1492 voyage, he refused to pay up when sailor Rodrigo de Triana did so, giving the reward to himself instead because he had seen a “glow” the night before. Previously, elevation of Columbus to a hero caused people to name cities (and a country, Colombia) after him and many places still celebrate Columbus Day, but nowadays people tend to see Columbus for what he really was: a brave, but very flawed, human being. A second point of view As historians have continued to learn and write more about the real life of Christopher Columbus, controversy has arisen over the validity of honoring the explorer as a hero. Like many European explorers, Columbus encountered many indigenous people throughout his voyages. Singularly focused on his mission to find riches and conquer new lands, Columbus and his teams treated the indigenous groups they came across as obstacles to their greater mission. There are three main sources of controversy involving Columbus's interactions with the indigenous people he labeled "Indians": the use of violence and slavery, the forced conversion of native peoples to Christianity, and the introduction of a host of new diseases that would have dramatic long-term effects on native people in the Americas. Historians have uncovered extensive evidence of the damage wreaked by Columbus and his teams, leading to an outcry over emphasis placed upon studying and celebrating him in schools and public celebrations. In an era in which the international slave trade was starting to grow, Columbus and his men enslaved many native inhabitants of the West Indies and subjected them to extreme violence and brutality. On his famous first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed on an unknown Caribbean island after an arduous three-month journey. On his first day in the New World, he ordered six of the natives to be seized, writing in his journal that he believed they would be good servants. Throughout his years in the New World, Columbus enacted policies of forced labor in which natives were put to work for the sake of profits. Later, Columbus sent thousands of peaceful Taino "Indians" from the island of Hispaniola to Spain to be sold. Many died en route. Those left behind were forced to search for gold in mines and on plantations. Within 60 years after Columbus landed, only a few hundred of what may have been 250,000 Taino were left. As governor and viceroy of the Indies, Columbus imposed iron discipline on what is now the Caribbean country of Dominican Republic, according to documents discovered by Spanish historians in 2005. In response to native unrest and revolt, Columbus ordered the brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed; in an attempt to deter further rebellion, Columbus ordered their dismembered bodies to be paraded through the streets. In addition to the controversy over enslavement and violent rule, the "Age of Exploration" Columbus led had the additional consequence of bringing new diseases to the New World which would, over time, devastate the native populations of many New World islands and communities. In the broader sense, historians have used the phrase "Columbian exchange" to describe the exchange of plants, animals and goods between the East and West that his voyages sparked. Though the effects were widespread and cannot all be dismissed as negative, critics of Columbus have asserted that the worst aspects of this exchange added up to biological warfare. Eventually, his methods and actions caught up with Columbus. A number of settlers lobbied against him at the Spanish court, accusing Columbus of mismanagement. In 1500, the king and queen sent in a royal administrator, who detained Columbus and his brothers and had them shipped home. Although Columbus regained his freedom and made a fourth and final voyage to the New World, he had lost his governorship and much of his prestige. This historical record has cast Columbus into the shadow of enormous consequence. Protests at Columbus Day parades, efforts to eliminate him from classroom curricula, and calls for changing the federal holiday have all followed. Whatever your views of the "Columbus controversy," this holiday continues to be an important way for all Americans to learn more about the Age of Exploration and the enormous transformations it provoked.

6/7SEP (DAY 7)

Finish RAFT essays

4/5SEP (DAY 6)

Review geography handbook, peer evaluations Complete 10 question U.S. Giant map quiz Start working on RAFT essay Chapter One: The World in 1500: RAFT ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS You are to complete a RAFT essay that will be graded using the 8th grade writing rubric. A raft essay is as follows: R – Role A –Audience F – Format T – Topic Roles: Native American warrior, hunter, farmer, Shaman (medicine person), cook, craftsperson (made clothes, artifacts, drawings, etc) Audience: The fellow tribes’ people you left in Asia Format – Expository Topic – your journey from Asia to American using the land bridge You must write a minimum of five paragraphs. The essay will be graded using the 8th grade writing rubric. Each paragraph must be a minimum of five sentences, include an opening sentence, transitional sentence and meet all requirements of the writing rubric. The following must be adhered to regarding format: Paragraph one –explain where you started geographically, time of year, expectations, direction and geographical features you expect to negotiate. Paragraph two – moving across the Beringia Land Bridge, weather, terrain incurred, wildlife, and how long did it take (average person could walk one mile in twenty minutes carrying nothing). Paragraph three – where you first entered North America, where you decided to stop and begin a new life (here is where you must state the name of your tribe and ensure it is the correct region), and reasons why you choose to stop in that particular area. Paragraph four – Explain your new home by stating major geographical land features such as terrain, landmarks, weather, wildlife, and how they adapted to their environment. Paragraph five – Restate your travels. Draw a conclusion regarding whether it was harder and easier than expected and use an example. Conclude the paper with your expectations for the future.

30/31 AUG (Day 5)

Class activity - build a giant map of the United States. Detail map with major geographical features and Native American tribe locations. Geography Handbook: While not engaged in completing the map, the following quesitons must be answered: 1.What is a region? 2.What are the six regions of the United States? 3.What are the commonalities of these areas that bring them together as a region? In other words, how would you describe the land, climate, vegetation etc. that they share? 4.Name and describe the three types of maps. 5.List and define the eight things needed for reading a map. 6.What is GPS? 7.Provide a real life example for the use of GPS. Is this useful? Why or why not? 8.What is latitude and how are they measured? 9.What is longitude and how are they measured? 10.What are the coordinates for Jacksonville, FL. 11.What is a hemisphere? 12.How many hemispheres are there? 13.What continent can be found on four hemispheres? 14.Look at the map on page 11. Give this special purpose map a title and explain. 15.What are the five themes of geography? 16.What is human geography? 17.What themes of geography closely relate to human geography? Why? 18.What are some reasons why people move from place to place? Explain. 19.Why do you think the majority of the Native American tribes lived in the middle and eastern regions of North America? 20.How do you think the western movement of people across North America affected the balance of Native Americans tribes and the land?